How is pH mathematically defined?

The mathematical definition of pH is given as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration. In more formal terms, pH is expressed as:

[ \text{pH} = -\log_{10} [\text{H}^+] ]

where ([H^+]) represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L). This definition reflects the acidic or basic nature of a solution, as a lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (more acidic), while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (more basic).

Understanding this mathematical relationship is crucial in fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science, where the pH level can significantly affect chemical reactions, biological processes, and the overall behavior of various substances in solution. For instance, maintaining an appropriate pH level is vital in many industrial processes and for the health of aquatic life.

The other choices do not accurately represent the definition of pH. While electron loss relates to oxidation and not directly to the measurement of pH, conductivity pertains to the ability of ions in solution to conduct electricity, without a direct reference to pH. Additionally,