What do atoms consist of?

Atoms consist of a nucleus and orbiting electrons. The nucleus, which is located at the center of the atom, is made up of protons and neutrons. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge. Surrounding the nucleus, electrons, which are negatively charged, occupy various energy levels or orbitals. This arrangement of a nucleus with orbiting electrons is fundamental to the structure of all atoms and is essential for understanding chemical reactions and bonding.

The other options are limited in their description of atomic structure. A central nucleus with only neutrons doesn't account for the presence of protons, which determine the element's identity. Similarly, stating that atoms consist only of protons and neutrons omits the crucial role of electrons in balancing charge and facilitating interactions between atoms. Lastly, a nucleus containing only protons ignores neutrons, which play a vital role in stabilizing the nucleus. Thus, the most accurate depiction of atoms includes both the nucleus and the surrounding electrons.